Here, we review a wide range of studies conducted on non-primates, non-human and human primates with the aim of providing a comprehensive description of the cortical representation of the tongue’s somatosensory inputs and motor outputs across different phylogenetic domains. This phrase accurately describes sensorimotor functions of the tongue, which are fundamental for many tongue-related behaviors (e.g., speech), but often neglected by scientific research. The English idiom “on the tip of my tongue” commonly acknowledges that something is known, but it cannot be immediately brought to mind. This study provides the first evidence of Bornean orangutans spontaneously solving the floating object task, but the mechanism underlying their success remains unclear. Denda is the first orangutan to succeed on the task when presented with the ‘dry’ condition first. Both individuals displayed a variety of strategies to solve the problem, including using and manufacturing tools utilizing objects in their enclosure. Both subjects’ latency to spit water into the tube decreased exponentially across sessions. Denda was successful in all six sessions while Kumang was successful in only three sessions. The dry conditions were presented first because it is a cognitively more demanding task to use water to obtain the peanut when there is no water in the tube initially to provide a cue. Both subjects completed two sessions in each condition. Three conditions were presented: ‘wet’, in which the tube was quarter-filled with water ‘dry – stick tools’, in which the tube had no water and six stick tools that were unnecessary for obtaining the reward were provided and ‘dry’, in which the tube had no water and no stick tools were provided. Two zoo-living orangutans were tested: Denda, a 13-year-old male, and Kumang, a 38-year-old female. In the floating object task, subjects must spit water into a vertical transparent tube to obtain an out-of-reach food reward (peanut). The purpose of this study was to investigate Bornean orangutans’ ability to use water as a tool.
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